介词的种类、短语及搭配
介词(The Preposition)又叫做前置词,通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词,不需要重读,在句中不单独作任何句子成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时,往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误,因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。
1. 介词的种类
英语中最常用的介词,按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类:
(1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词
①.简单介词是指单一介词。如:
at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。
②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如:
Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。
③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如:
In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。
(2). 按词义分类
{1} 表地点(包括动向)的介词。如:
About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。
{2} 表时间的介词。如:
About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。
{3} 表除去的介词。如:
beside , but, except等。
{4} 表比较的介词。如:
As, like, above, over等。
{5} 表反对的介词。如:
againt ,with 等。
{6} 表原因、目的的介词。如:
for, with, from 等。
{7} 表结果的介词。如:
to, with , without 等。
{8} 表手段、方式的介词。如:
by, in ,with 等。
{9} 表所属的介词。如:
of , with 等。
{10} 表条件的介词。如:
on, without , considering 等。
{11} 表让步的介词。如:
despite, in spite notwithstanding等。
{12} 表关于的介词。如:
About, concerning, regarding ,with regard to, as for , as to
{13} 表对于的介词。如:
to, for over , at , with 等。
{14} 表根据的介词。如:
on, according to 等。
{15} 表其他的介词。如:
for(赞成),without(没有)等。
2. 介词短语
(1).介词短语的构成 介词之后出现的名词、代词或其他相当于名词的结构、短语或从句叫介词宾语。介词短语是指介词和介词宾语构成的短语。介词短语的构成主要有下面的形式:
{1} 介词+名词。如:
The headmaster lives near the school
校长住在学校附近。
{2} 介词+名词性从句。如:
I am curious as to what she will say.
我很想知道她想说什么。
{3} 介词+代词。如:
What do you know about him ?
关于他,你都知道些什么?
{4} 介词+动名词短语或其复合结构。如:
He is interested in swimming.
他对游泳感兴趣。
The painter is keen on collecting coins
那位画家喜欢收集硬币。
There are no risk of you being late
你不会迟到的。
{5} 介词+连接词或连接副词引导的从句或不定式。如:
Your success will largely depend upon how you do it.
你成功与否将主要取决于你怎样做。
The teacher gave us a talk on how to study English .
老师给我们做了一个如何学英语的讲座。
{6} 介词+数词。如:
Six from twelve is six
12减6等于6。
{7} 介词+形容词。如:
We know her of old
我们老早就认识了她。
{8} 介词+副词。如:
They worked all day and had a hurried luch in between .
他们工作了一整天,中间匆匆吃了一顿饭。
(2). 介词短语的作用
介词短语在句中可作多种句子成分:
{1} 作主语。如:
From the library to the teaching building is a 5 minutes’ walk.
从图书馆到教学楼要走五分钟。
{2} 作表语。如:
Are you for the plan?
你赞成这个计划吗?
I was at my grandma’s yesterday.
我昨天在我奶奶家。
{3} 作宾语。如:
He gave me until tomorrow.
他给我的期限是到明天。
The dog came out from behind the tree..
狗从树后出来。(behind the tree 作介词from 的宾语)
{4} 作定语。如:
She is a woman of strong character.
她是位性格坚强的女人。
The expert will give us a lecture on how to improve soil.
这个专家将给我们作一个如何改良土壤的讲座。
{5} 作补语。如:
He woke up and found himself in hospital
他醒来发现自己在医院里。(in hospital作宾补)
As a doctor ,he is always patient with the patients
作为一个医生,他一贯对患者很耐心。(As a doctor 作主补)
{6} 作状语。如:
I wil be free on Tuesday morning.
星期二上午我有空。(时间状语)
We’ll meet at the station .
我们将在火车站碰面。(地点状语)
She covered her face with her hands and cried
她用双手捂着脸哭。(方式状语)
He left home and worked in a big city for the sake o f money .
他为了赚钱,离家到一个大城市工作。(目的状语)
The tree died from want of water .
这棵树因缺水而死。(原因状语)
In spite of all his effort ,he failed
尽管他很努力,但还是失败了。(让步状语)
No living thing can live without water.
生物离开水都无法生存。(条件状语)
With the words, he came into the room他说着话就进来了。(伴随状语)
To a great extent, it is not fair .
在很大程度上,这是不公平的。(程度状语)
In general her works have been good, but this one is dreaful.
总的来说,她的作品很不错,不过这篇很糟。?( in general 作评注性状语)
It doesn’t seem ugly to me , on the contrary, I think it’s very beautiful.
我觉得它不丑,恰恰相反,我觉得它很美。(on the cntrary作连接性状语)
3. 介词与其他词类的固定搭配
介词常常和形容词、名词、动词等构成固定搭配,即某些词的后面常要求特定的介词以表示固定的意义。
(1).形容词与介词的固定搭配
形容词与介词的固定搭配
{1} 形容词+about
Angry with对……生气anxous about担心calm about对……很平静
care bout小心careless about粗心 certain about对……有把握
curious about对……好奇sure about确信doubtful about对……怀疑
enthusiastic about对……热情的;热心的hopeful about对……抱希望
frank about对……坦白的;坦率的incredulous about对……不相信
{2} 形容词+at
clever at擅长于……expert at对……熟练的good at擅长于……
indignant at对……愤慨的quick at做……敏捷slow at 对……反应慢
surprised at对……吃惊
{3} 形容词+for
anxious for渴望的eligible for有资格的famous for因……而著名
fit for对某人适宜hungry for对……渴望late for迟到
possible for可能qualified for有资格的ready for准备好
responsible for对……负责necessary for为……所必需
{4} 形容词+from
absent from缺席free from使……摆脱prohibited from禁止某事物
safe from安全detached from分开某物different from与……不同
{5} 形容词+in
absorbed in专心于disappointed in对……失望experienced in有经验
expert in 在……熟练fortunate in有幸interested in对……感兴趣
rich in富于;盛产successful in在……成功
{6} 形容词+ of
afraid of害怕ashamed of羞耻aware of知道certain of确信
fond of喜爱guilty of有罪的proud of骄傲short of缺乏
sick of厌烦tired of厌倦worthy of值得
{7} 形容词+to
contrary to与……相反determined to有决心的equal to等于
familiar to为……所熟悉favourabel to对……有利harmful to有害的
inclined to准备做某事indifferent to对……不在乎similar to相似;相同
{8} 形容词+with
angry with对……感到恼火annoyed at对……烦恼busy with忙于
crowded with拥挤familiar with精通;熟悉friendly with与……友好
nervouse with对……感到紧张patient with对……有耐心popularwith受欢迎
satified with对……满意
{9} 形容词+on
dependent on依靠intend on坚决;专心keen on热衷于某事物severe on严格的
(2). 名词与介词的固定搭配
{1} 介词+名词。如:
at the cinema在电影院at university上大学
from……point of view从某人的角度for the sake of为了
in poerty 在穷困中in earnest有决心的
on sale在出售on the average平均的 on the contrary相反地
on the radio 通过收音机 to some extent某种程度
to one’ssurprise让某人吃惊to one’sdelight让某人高兴
{2} 名词+介词。如:
dependence on依靠independence on不依靠
discussion about/on关于……的讨论hundres on数以百计的
thousands of成千上万的influence on对……的影响
explanationof/for对……的解释half of……的一半
the idea of……的主意lack of缺乏
proof of……的证据reason of……的原因
Responsibility for对……的责任success in/at在……成功
(3). 动词与介词的固定搭配
{1} 动词+介词
{2} 动词+副词+介词