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《薄冰实用英语语法详解》独家连载之十四:介词

时间:2024-09-03 21:33:25

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《薄冰实用英语语法详解》独家连载之十四:介词

介词的种类、短语及搭配

介词(The Preposition)又叫做前置词,通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词,不需要重读,在句中不单独作任何句子成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时,往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误,因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。

1. 介词的种类

英语中最常用的介词,按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类:

(1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词

①.简单介词是指单一介词。如:

at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。

②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如:

Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。

③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如:

In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。

(2). 按词义分类

{1} 表地点(包括动向)的介词。如:

About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。

{2} 表时间的介词。如:

About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。

{3} 表除去的介词。如:

beside , but, except等。

{4} 表比较的介词。如:

As, like, above, over等。

{5} 表反对的介词。如:

againt ,with 等。

{6} 表原因、目的的介词。如:

for, with, from 等。

{7} 表结果的介词。如:

to, with , without 等。

{8} 表手段、方式的介词。如:

by, in ,with 等。

{9} 表所属的介词。如:

of , with 等。

{10} 表条件的介词。如:

on, without , considering 等。

{11} 表让步的介词。如:

despite, in spite notwithstanding等。

{12} 表关于的介词。如:

About, concerning, regarding ,with regard to, as for , as to

{13} 表对于的介词。如:

to, for over , at , with 等。

{14} 表根据的介词。如:

on, according to 等。

{15} 表其他的介词。如:

for(赞成),without(没有)等。

2. 介词短语

(1).介词短语的构成 介词之后出现的名词、代词或其他相当于名词的结构、短语或从句叫介词宾语。介词短语是指介词和介词宾语构成的短语。介词短语的构成主要有下面的形式:

{1} 介词+名词。如:

The headmaster lives near the school

校长住在学校附近。

{2} 介词+名词性从句。如:

I am curious as to what she will say.

我很想知道她想说什么。

{3} 介词+代词。如:

What do you know about him ?

关于他,你都知道些什么?

{4} 介词+动名词短语或其复合结构。如:

He is interested in swimming.

他对游泳感兴趣。

The painter is keen on collecting coins

那位画家喜欢收集硬币。

There are no risk of you being late

你不会迟到的。

{5} 介词+连接词或连接副词引导的从句或不定式。如:

Your success will largely depend upon how you do it.

你成功与否将主要取决于你怎样做。

The teacher gave us a talk on how to study English .

老师给我们做了一个如何学英语的讲座。

{6} 介词+数词。如:

Six from twelve is six

12减6等于6。

{7} 介词+形容词。如:

We know her of old

我们老早就认识了她。

{8} 介词+副词。如:

They worked all day and had a hurried luch in between .

他们工作了一整天,中间匆匆吃了一顿饭。

(2). 介词短语的作用

介词短语在句中可作多种句子成分:

{1} 作主语。如:

From the library to the teaching building is a 5 minutes’ walk.

从图书馆到教学楼要走五分钟。

{2} 作表语。如:

Are you for the plan?

你赞成这个计划吗?

I was at my grandma’s yesterday.

我昨天在我奶奶家。

{3} 作宾语。如:

He gave me until tomorrow.

他给我的期限是到明天。

The dog came out from behind the tree..

狗从树后出来。(behind the tree 作介词from 的宾语)

{4} 作定语。如:

She is a woman of strong character.

她是位性格坚强的女人。

The expert will give us a lecture on how to improve soil.

这个专家将给我们作一个如何改良土壤的讲座。

{5} 作补语。如:

He woke up and found himself in hospital

他醒来发现自己在医院里。(in hospital作宾补)

As a doctor ,he is always patient with the patients

作为一个医生,他一贯对患者很耐心。(As a doctor 作主补)

{6} 作状语。如:

I wil be free on Tuesday morning.

星期二上午我有空。(时间状语)

We’ll meet at the station .

我们将在火车站碰面。(地点状语)

She covered her face with her hands and cried

她用双手捂着脸哭。(方式状语)

He left home and worked in a big city for the sake o f money .

他为了赚钱,离家到一个大城市工作。(目的状语)

The tree died from want of water .

这棵树因缺水而死。(原因状语)

In spite of all his effort ,he failed

尽管他很努力,但还是失败了。(让步状语)

No living thing can live without water.

生物离开水都无法生存。(条件状语)

With the words, he came into the room他说着话就进来了。(伴随状语)

To a great extent, it is not fair .

在很大程度上,这是不公平的。(程度状语)

In general her works have been good, but this one is dreaful.

总的来说,她的作品很不错,不过这篇很糟。?( in general 作评注性状语)

It doesn’t seem ugly to me , on the contrary, I think it’s very beautiful.

我觉得它不丑,恰恰相反,我觉得它很美。(on the cntrary作连接性状语)

3. 介词与其他词类的固定搭配

介词常常和形容词、名词、动词等构成固定搭配,即某些词的后面常要求特定的介词以表示固定的意义。

(1).形容词与介词的固定搭配

形容词与介词的固定搭配

{1} 形容词+about

Angry with对……生气anxous about担心calm about对……很平静

care bout小心careless about粗心 certain about对……有把握

curious about对……好奇sure about确信doubtful about对……怀疑

enthusiastic about对……热情的;热心的hopeful about对……抱希望

frank about对……坦白的;坦率的incredulous about对……不相信

{2} 形容词+at

clever at擅长于……expert at对……熟练的good at擅长于……

indignant at对……愤慨的quick at做……敏捷slow at 对……反应慢

surprised at对……吃惊

{3} 形容词+for

anxious for渴望的eligible for有资格的famous for因……而著名

fit for对某人适宜hungry for对……渴望late for迟到

possible for可能qualified for有资格的ready for准备好

responsible for对……负责necessary for为……所必需

{4} 形容词+from

absent from缺席free from使……摆脱prohibited from禁止某事物

safe from安全detached from分开某物different from与……不同

{5} 形容词+in

absorbed in专心于disappointed in对……失望experienced in有经验

expert in 在……熟练fortunate in有幸interested in对……感兴趣

rich in富于;盛产successful in在……成功

{6} 形容词+ of

afraid of害怕ashamed of羞耻aware of知道certain of确信

fond of喜爱guilty of有罪的proud of骄傲short of缺乏

sick of厌烦tired of厌倦worthy of值得

{7} 形容词+to

contrary to与……相反determined to有决心的equal to等于

familiar to为……所熟悉favourabel to对……有利harmful to有害的

inclined to准备做某事indifferent to对……不在乎similar to相似;相同

{8} 形容词+with

angry with对……感到恼火annoyed at对……烦恼busy with忙于

crowded with拥挤familiar with精通;熟悉friendly with与……友好

nervouse with对……感到紧张patient with对……有耐心popularwith受欢迎

satified with对……满意

{9} 形容词+on

dependent on依靠intend on坚决;专心keen on热衷于某事物severe on严格的

(2). 名词与介词的固定搭配

{1} 介词+名词。如:

at the cinema在电影院at university上大学

from……point of view从某人的角度for the sake of为了

in poerty 在穷困中in earnest有决心的

on sale在出售on the average平均的 on the contrary相反地

on the radio 通过收音机 to some extent某种程度

to one’ssurprise让某人吃惊to one’sdelight让某人高兴

{2} 名词+介词。如:

dependence on依靠independence on不依靠

discussion about/on关于……的讨论hundres on数以百计的

thousands of成千上万的influence on对……的影响

explanationof/for对……的解释half of……的一半

the idea of……的主意lack of缺乏

proof of……的证据reason of……的原因

Responsibility for对……的责任success in/at在……成功

(3). 动词与介词的固定搭配

{1} 动词+介词

{2} 动词+副词+介词

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