上一篇文章讲了非谓语动词中的不定式与动名词,这篇文章将详细讲述现在分词、过去分词以及独立主格结构。文章依旧很长(全文6211字),干货满满。我是英语学圈,欢迎关注,带你一起长知识!
一、现在分词
1、现在分词的构成和特征
现在分词一般由“动词原形+-ing”构成。及物动词的现在分词可以带宾语,也可以带状
语。不及物动词的现在分词不可以直接跟宾语,但可以被状语修饰;若要带宾语,则应加上相应的介词。带有状语或宾语的现在分词称为现在分词短语,如 singing songs loudly其否定式是在现在分词前加not。
2、现在分词的句法功能
现在分词的作用相当于形容词和副词,在句中可以作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语等。
(1)作定语。
现在分词常用作定语修饰名词或代词。单个分词作定语通常放在被修饰词之前,分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后。
All moving bodies possess energy切运动的物体都具有能量。
A man getting up as soon as the cock crows is hardworking man.
鸡鸣即起的人是一个勤奋的人。
He is a businessman growing rich in recent years.
他是一位最近几年才富起来的商人。
(2)作状语。
考点现在分词(短语)作状语,用来进一步说明谓语动词或整个句子的动作或状态,可以表示时间、原因、结果、目的、条件、方式、随状况等。分词作状语时位置比较灵活,可置于句首、句中或句尾,可用逗号隔开,也可不用逗号隔开。
Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Beijing.(时间)
听到这个消息后,他们立即出发到北京去了。
Being short of money, decided to apply for the job.(原因)
由于手头缺钱,我决定申请这份工作。
He turned off the lamp, seeing nothing.(结果)他熄了灯,什么也看不见了。
Tumning to the right, you will find a path to the village.(条件)
向右转弯,你就可以找到一条通向村庄的小路。
He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself.(方式或伴随)
他从小山上走下来,轻声哼着曲儿。
经典例题:
The secretary worked late into the night,______a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C.prepared D. was preparing
[翻译]秘书工作到深夜,为主席准备长篇发言稿。
【精析】B。逗号前后两部分之间没有连词,且逗号前是一个完整的句子,因此空处应填
非谓语动词作状语。又因逗号前后两个动作同时发生,且 prepare与主语 The secretary之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,所以应用现在分词作伴随状语。故选B。
(3)作表语。
现在分词作表语时,其作用相当于形容词,只表示一种状况,或者表示主语的性质或特征
动作的意义已大为减弱。
No matter what kind of work you do, it needs to be fulfilling and satisfying.
不论你做什么工作,它都需要给人带来成就感和满足感。
The story of his life sounds interesting.他的生平听起来很有趣。
考点:
(4)作宾语补足语。
I found those students studying very hard.我发现那些学生学习非常努力
She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.她忽然听到有人敲门。
When I caught him______, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
A.cheating B.cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
[翻译]当我发现他欺骗我时,我就不在他那里买东西了,并且开始到其他的商店购物。
【精析】A。 catch sb. doing sth.意为“抓到某人正在做某事”, catch的宾语补足语要用现在分词形式,类似的动词还有感官动词feel,hear,look at等以及使役动词have,make,get,keep等。
3、现在分词的时态
(1)现在分词的一般式。
现在分词的一般式的结构为“动词原形+-ing
Someone saw him entering the room from the back door at that time.
那时,有人看到他从后门进入了房间。
Walking in the street the other day, I came across an old friend of mine.
前几天在街上散步的时候,我碰见了一位老朋友。
(2)现在分词的完成式。
考点:
现在分词的完成式的结构为“having+过去分词”,此时主要作状语,相当于一个状语从句,也可做定语,表示这个动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,否定形式是在现在分词having 前加not。
Having dressed myself went to the office穿好衣服就去了办公室。
Having watered the vegetables, the farmer took a short rest.
给蔬菜浇完水,这位农民休息了一小会儿。
Not having done it right, he tried again他没有做对,又试了一次。
The person having experienced difficulties of life will not be discouraged easily.体验过人生艰辛的人不会轻易丧失信心。
经典例题:
_______a reply, he decided to write another letter again.
A. Not receiving
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not receiving
[翻译]没有得到回复,他决定再写一封信。
【精析】C。根据句意可知, receive和其逻辑主语he之间为主谓关系,所以此处应用现在分词作状语。另外,“没有收到”这一动作在谓语动词 decided所表示的动作之前发生,所以应用现在分词的完成式。否定形式是在其前加not。故选C
4、现在分词的被动语态
(1)现在分词的被动式。
现在分词的被动式的结构为“being+过去分词”,不仅表示被动,而且表示这个动作正在发
生,或者这个动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
The first step being taken, the rest is easy.
迈出了第一步的话,其余的就容易了。
The bridge being built there will be the longest in China.
正在那里建造的那座桥将成为中国最长的桥。
He found the topic being discussed everywhere他发现到处都在讨论这个问题。
(2)现在分词的完成被动式。
现在分词的完成被动式的结构为“ having been+过去分词,不仅表示被动,而且表示这个
作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。
Having been trapped traffic he was late for work因为堵车,他上班迟到了。
Having been told many times, she still couldn understand it.
尽管告诉了她很多次,她仍然不明白。
经典例题:
_________to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked B. To ask
C. Having asked. To be asked
[翻译]那天晚上被要求加班,我错过了一场好电影。
【精析】A。分析句子结构可知,空处应用非谓语动词,同逗号之前的部分一起作原因状
语。1和ask之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,即“我被要求加班”,所以应用被动语态另外,根据句意可知,“被要求加班”这一动作发生在“过了一场好电影”之前,所以应用现在分词的完成式,强调动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。综上所述,应用现在分词的完成被动式Having been asked.
二、过去分词
1、过去分词的构成和特征
构成没有统一规则。过去分词可以带状语,带有状语的过去分词称为过去分词知词的
规则动词的过去分词与过去式同形,由“动词原形ed”构成。不规则动词的过去
2、过去分词的句法功能
过去分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用,可以作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。
(1)作定语。
单个过去分词作定语通常放在被修饰词之前;过去分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后。
Chance favors the prepared mind.机会垂青有准备的人。
The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.送委员会的建议被采纳了
Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizens.小时候受过训练的孩子会成为好公民。
(2)作状语。
考点过去分词(短语)在句中作状语,可以用来进一步说明谓语动词的动作,也可以说明整个句子,表示动作的被动和完成;可以表示时间、原因、方式、条件、让步、伴随状况等,可置于句首、句中或句尾,可用逗号分开,也可不用逗号。
Some metals will melt only when heated to high temperature.
某些金属必须在高温加热后才会熔化。
Deeply moved by her words, the old man agreed to her request.
老人被她的话深深地打动了,所以答应了她的要求。
Simply stated, a habit is something you do so often that it becomes easy.
简而言之,习惯是指因经常做而变得简单的事情。
United we stand, divided we fall(条件)团结就是胜利,分裂必然失败,
Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.
虽然受伤了,那名勇敢的战仍然继续作战。
经典例题:
_________not to miss the flight at 15: 20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
A.Reminding B.Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded
[翻译]有人提醒这位经理不要错过15:20的航班后,他匆匆忙忙地赶往机场。
【精析】B。分析句子结构可知,空处应用非谓语动词作状语。根据句意可知, remind与 the manager之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以应用过去分词表被动。故选B。
(3)作表语。
A man is not finished when he is defeated. He is finished when he gives up.
一个人不会毁于失败,而会毁于放弃。
I am convinced of his honesty我相信他是诚实的。
Her illness continued unchanged.她的病情仍然没有好转。
They are satisfied with their job.他们对现在的工作很满意。
(4)作宾语补足语。
If you want a thing well done, do it yourself.
如果你想出色地完成一件事,就要亲自干。
I found this city greatly changed.我现这座城市变化很大。
She saw the thief caught by policeman.她看见那个小偷被警察抓住了。
三、独立主格结构
1、独立主格结构的构成和特征
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语)加上一个不定式分词介词短语、形容
词、副词等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点:
(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;
(2)独立主格结构的位置比较灵活,可置于句首、句中或句尾;
(3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开,但与句子之间不使用任何连接词
2、独立主格结构的常见形式
(1)名词(代词)+不定式。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed
有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meetin
如果明天没有人来,我们将不得不把会议推迟到下周。
(2)名词(代词)+现在分词。
The question being settled, e went home.问题解决之后,我们就回家了。
He being ill, wed better put off the meeting.他病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。
(3)名词(代词)+过去分词。
Nothing given, we can finish the job on time.
什么都没给我们,我们不可能按时完成工作
(4)名词(代词)+介词短语。
he soldiers dashed in rifle in hand.兵们端着枪冲了进来。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back.他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。
(5)名词(代词)+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
他坐在前排,嘴半张着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.
她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔准备开始写一封长信。
(6)There beingt+名词(代词)
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
没有别的事可做,我们就回家了
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
没有需要进一步商讨的事宜了,我宣布散会。
3、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、条件、原因或伴随状态等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
(1)作时间状语。
The work done(=After the work had been done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们就回家了。
(2)作条件状语。
Weather permitting =If the weather permits) they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他们明天将去海滩郊游。
(3)作原因状语。
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.
因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
(4)作伴随状语。
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
下一篇文章将详细讲述虚拟语气的用法。敬请期待。