Teaching Innovation and Entrepreneurship to Fuel 21st Century Success
教受创新和创业教育能力，推动学生21世纪的成功
子谦译文
by Andrea Keith
When you hear the word “entrepreneur,” you likely think of Mark Zuckerberg, Oprah Winfrey, or Elon Musk. It’s easy to think of entrepreneurship in the context of people who have built global empires and are worth billions of dollars and, while they provide admirable models of success, they would be far on one end of an entrepreneurial success range. Everyone with an idea won’t be the next billionaire, yet entrepreneurial thinking could be the most important skill the world will need in the future. That’s why it is crucial that we define entrepreneurship in the 21st century based on the skills required, not the money we make.
当你听到“创业者”这个词时，你可能马上会想到马克·扎克伯格、奥普拉·温弗瑞或者埃隆·马斯克等人。我们很容易就把创业想象成那些建立了全球帝国、拥有数十亿美元资产的人，尽管他们提供了令人钦佩的成功典范，但他们在创业成功的范围内实在是有点稀有。并不是每个有想法的人都能成为下一个亿万富翁，但创业思维可能是未来这个世界需要的最重要的技能。这就是为什么我们在21世纪根据所需要的技能而不是我们赚的钱的多少来定义创业精神。
At its heart, entrepreneurship is the process of developing, organizing and managing a business venture to (hopefully) make a profit. Of course, that means taking risks, and likely failing, painfully and often. Steve Jobs said, “I’m convinced that about half of what separates the successful entrepreneurs from the non-successful ones is pure perseverance.” Harnessing the power of creativity and moving an idea through the process of innovation to reach a final result―be it a business, a product, or a social movement―is the true manifestation of entrepreneurial thinking. The component skills are valuable whether or not the venture makes a profit. Providing authentic and meaningful experiences for students to learn the process is critical to developing an entrepreneurial mindset and capacity to apply those skills in any endeavor.
创业精神的核心是发展、组织和管理企业风以期获利的过程。当然，这意味着要冒险，而且很可能会经常性痛苦地失败。史蒂夫·乔布斯说过”我相信，成功的创业者和不成功的创业家之间有一半的区别是纯粹的毅力”。创业思维的真正表现是利用创造力的力量，通过创新的过程来实现最终的结果——无论是企业、产品还是社会运动。不管企业是否盈利，这些技能都是有价值的。为学生提供真实而有意义的经历来学习这个过程，对于培养创业思维模式和在以后工作中应用这些技能的能力至关重要。
At the beginning of every venture is an idea, which is why the innovative process begins with creativity. When asked if they consider themselves to be creative, many adults answer “no,” because we often associate “creative” with “artistic.” If an idea results in something new that is valued for its beauty or emotional power, like a painting or a dance, then it is usually considered art, but that definition is extremely limiting. It’s very interesting that children generally see themselves as creative but lose that creative confidence the older they get. Unfortunately, much of that is a result of an educational system that is designed to reward conformity and compliance while compartmentalizing creativity into electives and extracurriculars.
每一次创业的开始都是始于一个想法，这就是为什么创新过程始于创造力。当被问及是否认为自己还具有创造力时，许多成年人的回答是“不”，因为我们经常将“创造性”与“艺术性”联系在一起。“如果一个想法产生了一种新的东西，并因其美或情感力量而受到重视，比如一幅画或一段舞蹈，那么它通常被认为是艺术品，但这个定义非常有限。”然而有趣的是，孩子们通常认为自己具有创造性，但随着年龄的增长，他们会逐渐失去这种创造性的信心。不幸的是，这很大程度上是教育体制的结果，这种教育体制的目的是奖励从众性和顺从心，而把创造性划分为选修课或课外活动。
To create is simply to bring something into existence by using your talents and imagination. That “something” can take any form; an object, a cause, or an experience. Human beings are innately creative but don’t often recognize it. The home cook who throws together random ingredients to make a casserole, the teenager who decorates her bedroom and the teacher who designs an engaging lesson plan all are creating.
创造就是用你的天赋和想象力，把一些事物变成现实。“这些事物”可以是任何形式：一个物体，一个原因甚至某些经验。人类具有天生的创造力，但却常常意识不到。家庭厨师会把各种材料混在一起做砂锅菜，十几岁的孩子会装饰自己的卧室，还有老师会设计一套吸引人的教学计划：所有这些人都是在创作。
When an idea for something new is combined with a meaningful purpose, creativity rises to the level of innovation. Technology, especially artificial intelligence, robotics, and virtual reality continues to improve at breakneck speed. It will relieve humans of much, if not eventually all, of our mundane, daily tasks, both at home and in the work world, which is why the youth of today must learn and develop the skills that can’t be replaced by machines.
当对新事物的想法与有意义的目标相结合时，创造力就会上升到创新的水平。科技，尤其是人工智能、机器人技术和虚拟现实技术等正在以惊人的速度发展，它将大大减轻人类在家庭和工作领域的日常琐事，这就是为什么今天的年轻人必须学习和发展那些无法被机器取代的技能。
The world is facing so many seemingly insurmountable problems, from pollution, climate change, hunger…the list goes on! These are “wicked” problems that can only be solved with innovation and passion. This is where we need young entrepreneurs, not machines. In the past couple of years, we’ve witnessed that students are passionate about many things and that they can translate that passion into change. Bullying and gun violence are just two causes that have inspired youth action. Teaching them that they have a voice and helping them develop methods to act on their passions will empower them to reach their potential while their enthusiasm and energy are high, rather than the common attitude that they can’t accomplish anything until or unless they earn a degree. Challenges such as these have no obvious solution—creativity is key.
世界正面临着许多看似无法克服的问题，从全球污染、气候变化、饥饿……这些都是“棘手”的问题，只有创新和激情才能解决。这是我们需要年轻创业者的地方，而不是机器。在过去的几年里，我们见证了太多学生对一些事情充满热情，并且能够将这种热情转化为改变的结果。欺凌和枪支暴力只是激励年轻人采取行动的两个原因。只有教会他们，让他们有发言权，并帮助他们找到方法来发挥自己的激情，才能让他们在热情高涨、精力充沛的时候发挥自己的潜力，而不是像普通人那样认为只有拿到学位或不拿到学位就什么都做不了，诸如此类的挑战没有明显的解决方案——只有创新才是关键。
The process of innovation doesn’t begin with entrepreneurship, and jumping straight into design thinking doesn’t provide the foundation children need to develop soft skills like collaboration, critical thinking, and resilience. Just like core subjects, innovation needs to be started at a young age, taught, experienced, and built upon as a student progresses through their educational career. Ideally, innovation should be a core subject at every grade level, scaffolding from creativity through storytelling, collaboration, design, and entrepreneurship by the end of middle school. Students beginning high school would then have the skills to bring to their chosen focus areas and tackle wicked problems with real, meaningful projects to solve issues within their school, community, and even the world!
创新的过程并不是从创业开始的，而直接跳到设计思维并不能为孩子们提供发展软技能所需的基础，比如合作精神、批判性思维和弹性思维等。就像核心学科一样，创新能力也需要从年轻时就开始，伴随学生整个教育生涯的发展过程中不断进行教育、体验和建立。理想情况下，创新应该是每个年级的核心科目，从创造力到讲故事、协作、设计，到中学毕业时的创业教育。刚开始上高中的学生可以把这些技能带到他们所选择的重点领域，以解决棘手的实际问题；再结合有意义的项目，解决他们学校，社区，甚至世界性的问题！
While changing the standard public education curriculum is its own wicked problem, there are strategies teachers and administrators can employ now to start addressing this gap in preparing students for success.
虽然改变标准的公共教育课程本身就是一个棘手的问题，但是教师和管理者现在可以采取一些策略来弥补这个差距，为学生的成功做准备。
1
Build a strong culture of innovation within your district, school, and classrooms.
在你所在的地区、学校和教室内建立强大的创新文化氛围。
Words are powerful! Introduce and reinforce key vocabulary. Frequent exposure to terms like creativity, innovation, collaboration, and entrepreneurship will start the foundation for these capacities, long before a child can spell them!
语言的力量是很强大的！引进和加强关键词汇，频繁让孩子们接触这些比如创造力、创新、协作和创业精神等专业词汇，将为他们在这方面的奠定基础，甚至在孩子能拼出这些单词之前！
Expose students to entrepreneurs and innovation in the greater world, and in your own community. This could be done with posters, current events, guest speakers, or a career day.
通过海报、时事、嘉宾演讲或职业日等形式来让学生接触到更广阔的世界和自己的社区中的创业者和创新者。
Recognize and reward students for demonstrating these skills. Not only will this reinforce their importance, but it will also often spotlight students who aren’t traditionally recognized for typical awards based on grades or attendance.
给予展示这些能力的学生以认可并奖励。这不仅会强化它的重要性，还会让那些通常不会因为成绩或出勤率而获得奖励的学生受到关注。
Provide opportunities for children to express their ideas and opinions to their peers, and also to adults, to build their confidence and show that their ideas are valued.
为孩子们提供向他们的同龄人和成年人表达他们的想法和意见的机会，建立他们的信心，并表明我们很重视他们的想法。
Start small and let students work to change or improve things in their own environment before talking about world issues they feel powerless to change. Wicked problems don’t have to be global!
从小事做起，让学生在谈论他们觉得无力改变的世界性问题之前，努力改变或改善他们自己的环境。棘手的问题不一定是全球性的！
Solicit and embrace student participation in decisions that affect them and follow through so they can see results.
鼓励和拥抱学生积极参与可能会影响到他们的决策，并坚持到底，这样他们就能看到结果。
2
Involve your parents and community in supporting student innovation.
邀请父母和社区的人参与支持学生创新。
Ask parents in creative, innovative, and entrepreneurial jobs to share their experience through visits, interviews, blogs, or newsletter articles.
通过访问、采访、博客或发表文章等形式，让从事具有创造性、创新性和创业性工作的父母分享他们的经验。
Educate parents about creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship and ask them to identify situations and examples in their own lives to reinforce what their children are learning.
对父母进行有关创造性、创新性和创业方面的教育，让他们例举出自己生活中的情况和例子，加强孩子们正在学习的东西。
Provide a forum for community activists to share their cause with students, and to ask students for help. Something as simple as participating in a charitable event shows students that they can take action and make a difference.
提供一个论坛，让社区活跃分子与学生分享他们的事迹，并向学生寻求帮助。一些像参加慈善活动这样简单的事情向学生们表明，他们可以采取行动，做出改变。
Get the word out and share student innovation, causes, and projects with local reporters and through social media.
通过社交媒体与当地记者分享学生的创新、事迹和项目等。
3
Practice communication, collaboration, and reflection. Students can’t learn the “how-to” of innovation without regular practice.
练习沟通、协作和反思。没有规律的实践，就没有创新的“方法”。
Teach methods of personal communication, including attentive listening, paraphrasing, and “I” statements.
教受个人沟通的方法，包括认真倾听、解释和自我陈述。
Help students identify their own character traits, embrace their natural strengths, and improve on capacities that are less developed.
帮助学生发现他们自己的性格特点，拥抱他们的先天优势，并提高未开发的能力。
Provide frequent opportunities for collaboration in diverse groups and teach students to begin group work with foundational techniques to establish trust and effective communication.
经常为不同的小组提供合作的机会，并教学生开始小组工作与基本技巧，以建立信任和有效的沟通。
Encourage regular self-reflection as well as peer reflection and formative assessment to promote and recognize skills growth.
鼓励定期自我反省、同伴反省和形成评估，以促进和认可技能的成长。
Reinforce the concept that in most cases, a collaborative group can accomplish much more than an individual.
加强这个概念：在大多数情况下，团队合作永远比一个人更重要。独行快，众行远！
In the process of innovation, entrepreneurs are the individuals who pull everything together and lead the action. Through their leadership skills, they activate, focus and accelerate the journey to the desired outcome, which is not necessarily the achievement of personal wealth, but rather contributing to a more just, peaceful, and sustainable society. Innovative and entrepreneurial thinking may very well be the key to the future, and it is up to us as educators and parents to make sure our children can use it.
在创新的过程中，创业者就是把这些一切技能都集中起来、并引导行动的人。通过他们的领导技能，激活、集中和加速了通往理想结果的旅程，这并不一定是实现个人财富增长，而是为一个更公正、和平和可持续的社会作出贡献。创新和创业思维很可能是未来的关键，这取决于我们作为教育者和家长是否确保我们的孩子能够使用这些思维。
Andrea Keithis Vice President of Customer Success at Edge Makers, where she has developed and presented dynamic, engaging professional development used by educators in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to build their own and their students’ capacity for innovation with EdgeMakers programs. Keith works with middle and high school teachers to help students develop skills such as creativity, storytelling, design, collaboration, entrepreneurship. She started her career in education more than 25 years ago, spending time as a classroom teacher in California, Colorado, and Illinois, before working for multiple edtech companies.
安德里亚·基思（Andrea Keith）是Edge Makers客户部副总裁。她在该公司开发并展示了美国教育工作者充满活力的、引人入胜的专业发展能力。通过Edge Makers的项目，在美国、加拿大和墨西哥等国家和地区建立了自己和学生的创新能力。基思与高校老师合作，帮助学生培养创造力、设计、协作和创业精神等技能。25年前，她开始了自己的教育事业，在为多家教育科技公司工作之前，她曾在加利福尼亚州、科罗拉多州和伊利诺伊州做过教师。
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