05 The Beginning of DramaThere are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal1 changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed2 rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites3. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting4 area" and the "auditorium5." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment6 of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed7 the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival8 of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater"s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical9 and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.
1 seasonaladj.季节的，季节性的参考例句：The town relies on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.这个城镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。The hors d"oeuvre is seasonal vegetables.餐前小吃是应时蔬菜。2 fixedadj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的参考例句：Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。3 rites仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 )参考例句：to administer the last rites to sb 给某人举行临终圣事He is interested in mystic rites and ceremonies. 他对神秘的仪式感兴趣。4 actingn.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的参考例句：Ignore her,she"s just acting.别理她，她只是假装的。During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代，她的表演生涯黯然失色。5 auditoriumn.观众席，听众席；会堂，礼堂参考例句：The teacher gathered all the pupils in the auditorium.老师把全体同学集合在礼堂内。The stage is thrust forward into the auditorium.舞台向前突出，伸入观众席。6 enactmentn.演出，担任…角色；制订，通过参考例句：Enactment refers to action.演出指行为的表演。We support the call for the enactment of a Bill of Rights.我们支持要求通过《权利法案》的呼声。7 mimedv.指手画脚地表演，用哑剧的形式表演( mime的过去式和过去分词 )参考例句：The man mimed the slaying of an enemy. 此人比手划脚地表演砍死一个敌人的情况。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》The acting students mimed eating an apple. 这些学生正在用哑剧形式表演吃苹果。 来自互联网8 revivaln.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振参考例句：The period saw a great revival in the wine trade.这一时期葡萄酒业出现了很大的复苏。He claimed the housing market was showing signs of a revival.他指出房地产市场正出现复苏的迹象。9 rhythmicaladj.有节奏的，有韵律的参考例句：His breathing became more rhythmical.他的呼吸变得更有节奏了。The music is strongly rhythmical.那音乐有强烈的节奏。
