(六)、作宾语补足语(不定式和分词作宾语补足语的区别):
不定式作宾补通常表示将来、经常性动作或动作的完成;现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行;过去分词作宾补表示被动或完成的动作。
如:Yesterday he asked me to help him. I once heard him singthis song. Have you heard this song sungbefore?
1. 不同动词接不同的非谓语动词作宾语补足语:
(1)下列动词常接不定式作宾语补足语
①、ask,tell,teach,like,love,want,would like,help,wish,use,show,invite,encourage,attract,get,choose,order,force,permit,allow + sb + to do结构;
②、think, consider, find, feel, suppose, believe, imagine, prove + sb + to be结构;
(consider, find, feel, make + it + adj + to do结构;注意此结构与上面结构不同,此结构中,it作形式宾语,不定式作真正宾语,而不是宾语补足语)
如:I asked him to give me a cup of tea. Peter wanted me to help him.
All of us considered him to be a good friend. He imagined himself to be a scientist.
I found it easy to answer the question. We consider it a waste of time to go on with the project.
特别注意:hope, agree, demand, suggest等词没有宾语补足语。
(2)feel,keep,leave,set,send等动词后常接现在分词作宾语补足语。
如:She felt her heart beating very fast. Don"t keep me waiting for long.
2. 不同的非谓语形式作宾语补足语时与宾语的逻辑关系不同(即与宾语的主被动关系不同):
“不定式的主动式”和“现在分词的一般主动式”作宾语补足语时,表示宾语和宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的“主动关系”(现在分词的完成式不能作宾语补足语);“不定式的被动式”和“及物动词过去分词”作宾语补足语时,表示宾语和宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的“被动关系”。
如:I asked himto go out. I saw himgoing out. Hewill be seen to be punishedtomorrow. Hewas seen to have finished doingit. I found the childrenlooked afterwell.
3. 不同的非谓语形式作宾语补足语时与谓语动词的时间关系不同:
“不定式的一般式”作宾语补足语表示“将发生”或“与谓语动词全过程同时,“不定式的完成式”作宾语补足语表示“比谓语动词早”;“及物动词的过去分词”作宾语补足语表示“比谓语早、同时或更晚”;“不及物动词的过去分词”作宾语补足语表示“比谓语早或已经完成”。
如:I askedhim to go out.(将发生) He was saidto have gone.(比谓语早) I sawhim go out.(同时,全过程) I sawhim going out.(过程中) I foundhim wounded.(及物动词的过去分词作宾补,强调被动,比谓语动词早) I foundthe childrenlooked afterwell.(及物动词的过去分词作宾补,强调被动,与谓语动词同时) I will havemy haircut. (及物动词的过去分词作宾补,强调被动,比谓语动词更晚) I foundthemgone.(不及物动词的过去分词作宾补,不强调被动,已经完成)
附:
1.感官动词see,look at, observe,watch,notice; hear, listen to; feel后面可以接四种形式作宾语补足语,以see为例。
(1)see + 宾语 + do (看见……做了……)
(2)see + 宾语 + doing (看见……正在做……)
(3)see + 宾语 + done (看见……被做)
(4)see + 宾语 + being done (看见……正在被做)
以上感官动词既可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语(变被动语态时必须带上to),又可以接现在分词作宾语补足语(主动式和被动式均可),还可以接过去分词作宾语补足语。接不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程或已经完成,接现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行,接过去分词做宾语补足语表示一个被动动作。
如:Just then he heard someone singin the next room.(就在那时,他听见有人在隔壁屋子里唱了歌。用省去to的不定式sing,表示唱了歌)---- Just then someone was heard to sing in the next room.
Just then he heard someone singingin the next room. (就在那时,他听见有人在隔壁屋子里唱歌。用现在分词singing,表示正在唱歌)
I’d like to see the plan carried out soon. (表示一个被动动作)
I heard an Englishsong being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(表示一个正在进行的被动动作)
2. 使役动词make, let ,have, get的宾语补足语时,情况各不相同:
(1)let + 宾语 + do (让……做……)
let + 宾语 + be done (让……被做)
(let后面不用现在分词作宾语补足语)
如:Don’t let your children play with matches. Let the work be done immediately.
(2)make + 宾语 + do (让……做……)
make + 宾语 + done (让……被做)
如:He often made us copy the text. I tried to make me understood by my gestures.
(make后面不用现在分词作宾语补足语)
(3)have + 宾语 + do (让……做……)
have + 宾语 + doing (让……持续地做……)
have + 宾语 + done (让……被做)
(have + 宾语 + doing结构用于否定句中表示“容忍”)
如:Mother had me go to the shop and bought some salt. He has me moving towards the door. I’ll have my bike repaired tomorrow. I won’t have you speaking to your mother like that.
(4)get + 宾语 + to do (让……做……)
get + 宾语 + doing (让……开始做……)
get + 宾语 + done (让……被做)