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[神马语法]高中版:高考英语语法突破-构词法(1)

时间:2020-07-01 20:32:54

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[神马语法]高中版:高考英语语法突破-构词法(1)

(一)基础讲解

英语词的构成有一定的规律,这种规律称为构词法。掌握构词法对在文本中,理解、猜测新词、难词、怪词的词义有很大的帮助。在扩展词汇量的过程中,能起到“倍增器”的效果。常见的构词法有:转化法、合成法、派生法、截头法、去尾法、混成法等。在应用中,以前三种方法是用最广泛。

转化法

转化就是在词形不变的情况下,一个单词有一种词性转换为另一种词性。转换后的词义一般与原意有密切关系,但有时差异很大。对于双音节词转换后,读音也常常发变化。转化法一般有如下几种情况:

⑴动词转名词

Look v. 看 → n. 相貌

⑵名词转动词

Air n. 空气 → v. 通风

⑶形容词转动词

Empty a. 空的 → v. 倒空

⑷形容词转名词

Right a. 右边的 → n. 右侧

⑸形容词转副词

Long a.长的 → ad. 长地

合成法

合成法就是将两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词。合成词各个成分之间有的要用连字符连接,有的直接连在一起。

⑴合成名词

Weekend(周末) software(软件)network(网络)

⑵合成形容词

Large-scale(大规模的) face-to-face(面对面的) sugar-free(无糖的)

⑶合成动词

Overthrow(推翻) heat-treat(热加工)undergo(经历)

派生法

派生法是在一个词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词。加在前面的叫前缀,加在后面的词缀叫做后缀。

前缀多引起词义的变化而不改变词性。后缀对词性、词义都可能有影响。

例如: dis agree ment (不同意 n .)

前缀 词根 后缀

4、截短法(缩略法)

截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。

⑴截头

telephone→phone

aeroplane→plane

omnibus→bus

⑵去尾

mathematics→maths

co-operate→co-op

examination→exam

kilogram→kilo

laboratory→lab

taxicab→taxi

⑶截头去尾

influenza→flu

refrigerator→fridge

prescription→script

5、混合法(混成法)

混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。

news broadcast→newscast新闻广播

television broadcast→telecast电视播送

smoke and fog→smog烟雾

helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场

6、首尾字母缩略法

首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。

very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物

television→TV (读字母音)电视

Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福

(二)[基础过关]

1. There were ________fish in the river in South America.

A. in dangerB. danger

C. dangerousD. dangerless

答案:C

解析:空白为表语,需填如形容词,D项单词不存在,故选C

2. The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.

A. sound B. silent

C. silence D. sounded

答案:D

解析:空白为表语,需填入形容词。D与句意不符,故选C

3. The child looked at me________.

A. strangerB. strangely

C. strangeD. strangeless

答案:B

解析:空白为状语,需填入副词。

4.The black people were against slavery and fought for their ________ bravely.

A. freeB. freely

C. freedomD. frees

答案:B

解析:空白处为修饰Bravely的副词,故选B。

5. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.

A. reasonableB. reasonful

C. reasonlessD. unreason

答案:A

解析:A项为有道理的,符合句意。

6. Stephenson became the ________ railway engineer in the world.

A. lead B. leaderC. leadingD. leadership

答案:C

解析:空白处为定语修饰railway engineer,需用形容词。故选C。

7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked ________about at his classmates.

A. proudB. proudlyC. prideD. pridely

答案:B

解析:-ly为副词结尾,D项不存在。

8.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.

A. satisfiedB. satisfactory

C. satisfyingD. satisfaction

答案:D

解析:空白在所有格后,应为名词,故选D。

9. No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.

A. permit B. permission

C. permittingD. permittence

答案:B

解析:B项为许可的名词形式,符合句意。

10. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great ________.

A. valuableB. value

C. valuelessD. unvaluable

答案:B

解析:of结构后需加名词。A、C、D均不为名词。选B。

(三)[能力提高]

1. We have to learn ________technology from other countries.

A. advanceB. advancing

C. advantageD. advanced

答案:D

解析:空白处为定语,修饰technology,技术是被先进的,故用-ed,选D。

2. The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.

A. nearbyB. near

C. nearlyD. near by

答案:A

解析:空白为状语,C项词义是接近,而不是附近,故选A。

3.Mr Black is an ________in the army,not an ________in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.

A. official;officer;office

B. officer;office;official

C. official;official;official

D. officer;official;office

答案:B

解析:三个空白分别应填入军官、官员、办公室。故选B。

4.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.

A. health B. healthy

C. healthilyD. healthier

答案:C

解析:空白处为表语,应填入形容词,又没有比较,故用原级,选C。

5.________ speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose.

A. HonestlyB. HonestC. HonestyD. Dishonest

答案:A

解析:空白为状语,应填入副词,选A。

6. The ________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.

A. judger B. judgment

C. judgeD. judgement

答案:C

解析:judge为法官的意思,A项不存在,故选C。

7. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the ________news about Iraq War?

A. latelyB. latest

C. laterD. latter

答案:B

解析:B项表示最新的,其余词义与句意不符。

8.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.

A. joyB. joyful

C. joylessD. joyness

答案:A

解析:所有格后应接名词,B、C、D均不是名词,故选A。

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