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虚拟语气
1 条件状语从句
2 与现在事实相反
3 与过去事实相反
4 与将来事实相反
5 条件句虚拟语气的省略和倒装
6 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气就是表示假设的情况,而不是表示客观存在的事实,甚至完全与事实相反。它是通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。此外如需表达主观愿望或建议、猜测、命令等强烈的感情时,也可用虚拟语气。
1. 条件状语从句
虚拟语气表达的大多不是客观事实,而是一种假设,因此条件句是虚拟语气最为常见的载体。大家比较熟悉的是对可能发生的事情陈述时所使用的条件句,就是真实的条件句。比如If you buy that product, you will get one more free.“如果你买那个产品,可以免费再送一个。”If it rains next week, the show will be delayed.“如果下周下雨,表演将会被推迟。”这种情况下谓语动词使用原则是“主将从现”,即主句用将来时态,if从句用一般现在时。
虚拟语气所陈述的情况是假设,甚至与事实相反,不可能发生的事情,更多表达幻想或者遗憾的感情。例如:
If I were a male, I shall join the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. (事实上“我”是女性,也没有加入中国人民解放军。)
If I had been devoted to study in high school, I might have been to Beijing University. (事实是高中并没有投入精力去学习,现在也并未在北京大学读书。)
那么如何用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示虚拟语气呢?来看下面三种情况。
2. 与现在事实相反
如果所述情况与现在事实相反,从句:If+主语+动词一般过去式(be动词用were),主句:主语+ should/would/might/could+do。例如上述第一句,从句谓语动词were,而主语谓语从句为shall+join。
If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.
If he won the prize, the public would be more convinced.
3. 与过去事实相反
如果所述情况与过去事实相反,从句:If+主语+had+done,主句:主语+should/would/might/could+have done。
例如第1点的例句二“If I had been devoted to study in high school, I might have been to Beijing University”。
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
4. 与将来事实相反
如果所述情况与过去事实相反,从句用过去时或者过去将来时:① if+主语+were to do,②if+主语+should+do, 或③if+主语+动词一般过去式(be动词用were);主句:主语+should/would/might/could+do。例如:
If President Trump were to apologize for his absurd words, the world may forgive his deeds.
If the earth exploded, we could move to other planets.
5. 条件句虚拟语气的省略和倒装
(1) if条件句表达虚拟语气,还可以使用省略结构及倒装结构:去掉句首的If,将were, had, should置于主语之前即可。例如:
If I were a male, I shall join the Chinese People’s Liberation Army.
→ Were I a male, I shall join the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. (省略结构)
(2) 也可以用but for(要不是), if only(要是,假如)等表示虚拟条件。
6. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,当这些从句表达愿望、建议、命令、请求等强烈情感时,主句常包含wish, hope, desire, demand, order, suggest, request等词以及它们的其他词性,从句谓语用should+do,should可以省略。例如:
It is suggested that man (should) have at least eight glasses of water each day.
The headteacher requires that all students (should) wear school uniforms.
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